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Pitanje je bilo: Srpski srednjevekovni vojnici. Pomalo neprecizno jer je srednji vek u Srbiji (vredan pomena  ) trajao dvestotinak godina tokom kojih se podosta menjao izgled tj. oruzje i oprema vojnika. Bilo je tu pitanja i o artiljeriji i o sabljama. Evo prvo slicica (Sve su iz Osprey-eve serije Men at Arms i sve su rekonstrukcije na osnovu artefakata):
(Dodatna objasnjenja slika sam copy pasteovao i mrzelo me da prevodim ali mislim da ce biti razumljiva vecini.)
Na prvoj slici:
1: Byzantine Palace Guard (prvi s leva), late XIIth century: Byzantine troops of the early Palaeolog period seem to have revived some of the lost splendour of earlier centuries. Though basically equipped like con¬temporary European knights, their arms and armour also betrayed eastern influence. This man wears a chapel-de-fer war-hat, and extensive mail under a thickly padded gambeson. Even his shield is similar to those seen in Italy and the Crusader States, but while separate mail mittens would soon also be adopted in Italy his curved sabre is distinctly Turkish. (Sources: helmet from Peschki, Ukrainian 1100-1250, Hermitage Mus., Leningrad; Psalter, Byzantine i3th C, Benaki Mus. no. 34/3, Athens; St. Mercurius wall painting, Byzantine c. 1295, in situ Sv. Klimenta, Ohrid, Yugoslavia; wall paint¬ings, Bulgarian c. 1259, in situ Boyana Church, Sofia; Arsenal Bible from Acre, 1275—1290, Bib. Arsenal Ms. 5211, Paris.)
2: Byzantine 'murtartoi' archer, late 13th century Documentary sources confirm the importance of archers in Palaeolog armies, but they rarely appear in realistic form in art. A number of warriors are, however, shown in body armour which could represent coats-of-plates comparable to those appearing in western Europe. This man wears such armour, as well as the tall one-piece brimmed helmet, that was becoming more common in Byzantine illustration. His archery equipment naturally reflected that of neighbouring Turks and Mongols. (Sources: lamellar or scale cuirass from Kitaev, Ukrainian 12th-13th C, whereabouts unknown; arrowheads from Ras castle, Serbian I2th-i3th C, Milit. Mus., Belgrade; History of Alexander, Byzantine early i4th C, Lib. of San Giorgio di Greci, Venice; wall paintings, Byzantine (-.1265, in situ Sopocani Monastery, Yugoslavia.)
3. Serbian heavy infantryman, mid 13th century: Serbia and the western Balkans were already differing from the eastern Balkans by the 13th century. While the eastern regions were under increasing Turkish and Mongol influence Serbia was closer to Italy and southern Germany from whence so many mercenaries were recruited. Nevertheless, this man does carry a typically Balkan knobbed mace, and wears a sleeveless mail jerkin over a mail hauberk. His thickly padded coif illustrates an early phase of the Balkan pre¬occupation with protection for the throat, which might reflect the importance of archery in Balkan warfare. (Sources: i3th C helmet, Nat. Mus., Budapest; iron and bronze maces from Biskupija & Ras castle, Mus. of Croat Archaeol. & Milit. Mus. Belgrade; Guards at Holy Sepulchre, Serbian wall painting 1230-37, in situ Milesevo Monastery, Yugoslavia; Bulgarian wall painting, c. 1259, in situ Boyana Church, Sofia; Icon of St. George i3th C, Byzant. Mus. no. 89, Athens.)
4: Knight of Frankish Greece(u pozadini s loncem na glavi ), late 13th century: The arms and armour of the Crusader States in Greece showed considerable Byzantine influence. This is particularly apparent in the hardened leather greaves worn by this figure. His coat-of-arms also indicates that his family stemmed from the Crusader States in Syria. (Sources: seals of the Latin Emperors, Bib. Nat., Paris; tomb-slabs of Sofia, late i3th C, Famagusta, Cyprus; donor figure, Icon of St. Nicholas, c. 1300, Makarios Foundation, Cyprus.
Posto smo mi i tada bili:,,istok na zapadu i zapad na istoku" i u kulturnom i u vojnom smislu primali smo uticaje sa svih strana, postavicu i slike ratnika okolnih naroda izmedju kojih je postojao uzajamni uticaj. Objasnjenja za gornju sliku: Hungarian knight, 1250-75 This knight has been given the arms of Bistrita in Transylvania and his equipment reflects the very strong German influence seen in Hungarian arms and armour at this time. His helmet, an early form of Great Helm, is covered by a padded cap supporting a light leather crest. Over his mail he wears an early coat-of-plates laced at the back. By his side lies a banner bearing the double-armed Cross of Hungary. (Sources: Slovak sword, i3th C, Nat. Mus. Martin, Czechoslovakia; Hungarian banner, 13th-14th C, Hist. Mus., Bern; design on belt buckle, Hungary i3th C, Nat. Mus. Budapest; Shrine of Charlemagne silver reliquary, German early 13th C, Aachen Cathedral, West Germany; St.
Maurice statue, German c. 1250, Cathedral Mus., Magdeburg, East Germany; Guards at Holy Sepulchre, carvings, Constance Cath., West Germany.)
2: Cuman warrior, mid-13th century The Cuman tribes who settled in Hungary provided the king with his most loyal troops. Their equipment clearly showed their recent origins on the Eurasian steppes, but their physical appearance was certainly unlike that of most other steppe dwellers. The Cumans' characteristic blonde hair and blue eyes gave them their name in Russian and German, both of which meant 'yellow'. The mail shirt, and very advanced iron shoulder-protecting spaulders worn by this man would normally have been hidden beneath a kaftan-like coat of typical Turkish cut. The long straight quillons of his sabre also show European influence. (Sources: 'Kun' sabre, I2th-i3th C, Milit. Mus., Budapest; Cuman helmet, mail, sword-belt, spear, arrow-heads & riding equipment, i3th C, Nat. Mus. Budapest; Peceneg shoulder armour, i3th C, Deri Mus., Debrecen; Ladislas Legend Slovakian wall painting, c. 1300, in situ church, Velka Lomnica, Czechoslo¬vakia; Peceneg balbal funerary statues from Dnepr region, whereabouts unknown.)
3:Croatian light cavalryman, early 13th century The warriors of Croatia were even more western in style than those of Serbia. The main source of military fashion seems to have been northern Italy but the men of isolated mountainous regions were naturally poorly equipped and behind the times. This man's face-covering mail ventail may again reflect the importance of archery, while his shield decoration is probably based on tribal emblems rather than proper heraldry. (Sources: spearhead from river Cetina, Archaeol. Mus. Split, Yugo¬slavia; wall-painting, early i3th C, in situ Crypt of Massenzio, Basilica, Aquileia, Italy; carved re¬cumbent warrior beneath altar, late 12th—early 13th C, in situ Modena Cathedral, Italy.)
Objasnjenja: (Prvi s desna) Serbian infantry, mid-14th century This man is in almost all aspects identical to the heavy infantry of Italy. His separate mail-covered gauntlets may, in fact, have been a Byzantine and Balkan fashion that had spread to Italy early in the 14th century. Only his massive splinted gorget neck and shoulder protection is different. Such pieces of armour appear quite suddenly in 14th-century Balkan art, and though they are sometimes worn by infidel or alien figures in Italian illustrations they are otherwise rarely seen anywhere else except 14th century Spain. A connection may be possible via the mercenary Catalan Grand Company and Spanish-ruled southern Italy, but it is not known in what direction such hypothetical influence flowed. (Sources: helmet, perhaps of German origin, Milit. Mus., Belgrade; warrior saints, Serbian wall-paintings, 1333—1371, in situ Chapel of St. Nichola Sopocani Monast., Church Psaca, Monastery Church Decani, Church Lesnovo, Yugoslavia; Pride, carved capital, early i4th C, in situ Doge's Palace, Venice; St. George, early i4th C, wall-painting, in situ Church of Panaghia Kera, Kritsa, Crete; Hungarian manuscript, 1325-50, Pierpont Morgan Lib. M.360-11, New York.)
(sredina) Bulgarian pronoia cavalryman, mid-late 14th century The contrast between this warrior and the Serbian infantryman highlights the differing military traditions of the eastern and western Balkans. He is not only very similar to a late Byzantine warrior but his equipment and costume both show considerable Turkish or Mongol influence. This is particularly apparent in his long coat, his reliance on lamellar armour, and the bells on his spear-shaft. The collection of maces may be captured symbols of rank. (Sources: helmet from Khalkhis, Ottoman or late Byzantine, Ethnolog. Mus., Athens; maces from Stara Zagora region, I3th-i4th C, Kazanlik Mus., Bulgaria; Manasses Chronicle, Bulgarian 1344-5, Vat. Lib. Cod. Slav 2, Rome; Psalter, Bulgarian or Serbian £-.1370, Bavarian State Lib. Cod. Slav 4, Munich; wall-painting, c. 1355, in situ Zemen Monastery, Bulagaria; warrior saint Ser¬bian wall-painting, c. 1307, in situ Ch. of Our Lady of Leviska, Prizren.)
Charles Thopia(U nasoj literaturi: Karlo Topija), Albania, mid-14th century Although no picture survives of Charles Thopia, lord of Kruja and Petrala, a fine carved relief does illustrate his coat-of-arms and crest. Here his tunic, which is remarkably similar to early Ottoman court costume, is taken from a similarly-dated painting of
Peter Brajan, the Jupan or governor of a neighbouring region of Bosnia. Like the Serbian infantryman he is protected by a brimmed helmet and an even more massive gorget or bevor. (Sources: bronze-covered lead mace from Luk, Archaeol. Mus., Split; bas-relief showing armourial bearing of Charles Thopia, in situ Church of St. John Vladimir, Elbasan, Albania; Peter Brajan, Serbian wall-painting £.1335, in situ Church Karan, Yugoslavia; warrior saint wall-painting 1338—50, in situ Monastery Church, Decani, Yugoslavia; Loyal Address from City of Prato to King Robert of Naples, 1335-40, British Lib. Ms. E. IX, London; barbarian warrior in St. Martin renouncing the sword, wall-painting by Simone Martini, c. 1317, in situ Montefiore Chapel, Lower Church of St. Francis, Assisi.)
Objasnjenja: 1. Light cavalryman of Cuman origin,The evidence is contradictory as to the degree of Westernisation seen among Hungarian Cumans in the 14th century. Perhaps it differed from tribe to tribe. This man, while still relatively lightly armoured, merely uses less of the same armour as that worn by feudal horsemen. The only distin¬guishing features are the hat worn over his bascinet, the open-fronted mail aventail of the latter, and his light spear and sword. He would also ride with a slightly bent leg. 'Sources: spearheads, early-mid 14th C, Danubian Mus. Komarno, Czechoslo¬vakia; Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle c. 1360, Nat. Szech. Lib., Budapest; Ladislas Legend wall-painting. Slovak (-.1370, in situ Evang. Church, Rimavska Bana: Ladislas Legend wall-painting, Slovak c. 1300, in situ Church, Velka Lomnica; Kalmuk horseman sketch by Pisanello, mid-15th C, Louvre. Cod. Yallardi 2325, Paris.)
2. Albanian tribal warrior, mid-14th century Albanians are frequently illustrated because of their military service in Italy but the pictures are stereotyped and perhaps unreliable. Written descriptions confirm, however, that they fought as archers both on foot and horseback, and imported much of their equipment from Italy. This man wears a heavy padded coat or gambeson of Italian cut, while his weaponry is based on a mysterious drawing in Oxford which probably shows a Balkan foot soldier. (Sources: Bohemian or Venetian drawing, 1350—60, Christ Church College Lib., Oxford; Orientals, wall-painting, (-.1340, in situ Avio Castle, Italy; Albanian stradioti at battle of Fornovo, French drawing, (-.1500, Nat. Gall, of Art, Washington.)
3. Hungarian feudal cavalry, 1350-75 This man bears the arms of Moldavia and Hungary on his shield and his armour is largely in Italian style. The only 'exotic' element is the decorative plume, probably of gilded leather, attached to his visored bascinet. This feature appears in many Hungarian sources and could be a residual Byzantine or Balkan fashion. Over a mail hauberk he wears a coat-of-plates. His arms are protected by splinted rerebraces outside the mail and splinted vambraces beneath the mail while on his legs he has hardened leather greaves. (Sources: St. George statue, c. 1373, in situ Hradschin, Prague; Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, (7.1360, Nat. Szech. Lib., Budapest; bridle, i4th C, Nat. Mus., Budapest; Ladislas Legend, Slovak c. 1370, in situ Evang. Church, Rimavska Bana, Czechoslovakia.)
Objasnjenja: 1. Hunyadi Janos(U nasim pesmama Sibinjanin Janko),
c .1440
Here the great Hungarian leader against the Ottomans is fully armoured in the latest style of Milanese plate-armour, including a great bascinet. Only his continued use of a typical Hungarian shield (bearing the Hunyadi arms), as well as the single edged kesek small-sword on his right hip, set him apart from the heavy cavalry of Italy or Germany. (Sources: effigy of the Lord Chamberlain Stibor, Hungarian c. 1430, Budapest History Museum; armour from the Sanctuary of Madonna delle Grazie, i5th C, Castle Museum, Mantua; kelet swords, Nat. Mus., Budapest.)
2. Bosnian light cavalryman, mid-15th century The importance of light cavalry apparently increased in many areas in response to the staggering success of Ottoman light horsemen. In the 15th century their equipment still consisted of standard European arms, though worn in smaller quantities. This man has a locally decorated, Italian-made bascinet, a velvet covered brigandine to protect his body, and knee-covering poleyns worn without other leg harness. His sword has the characteristic Bosnian or Dalmatian sciavona hilt. (Sources: Helmet of Skanderbeg, Kunsthistorische Mus., Vienna: Bogomil tomb from Donja Zgosca, 1400-75, Archaeol. Mus., Sarajevo; wall-paintings, 15th C, in situ church Beram, Istria, Yugoslavia.)
3. Byzantine senior officer, early 15th century Here an envoy has been dressed in Byzantine court costume. This is remarkably well recorded in Italian as well as Byzantine art as a result of embassies sent to Europe by the last Byzantine Emperors. It already shows Ottoman influence, though it should be remembered that Ottoman ceremonial costume might also have been under Byzantine influence. This officer's weaponry is, however, almost totally Turkish. (Sources: sketches of Byzantine envoys by Pisanello, 1438, Art Institute, Chicago; Medal of John VIII Pala-eologus by Pisanello, British Mus., London; Theodore Metochitee, mosaic c. 1310, in situ Kariya Camii, Istanbul; High Admiral Apocaucos in Manus¬cript of Hippocrates, c. 1342, Bib. Nat. Ms. Gr. 2144, Paris).
4. Greek infantry archer, late 15th century While the last Byzantine elite apparently adopted many Ottoman fashions, the ordinary people of Greece and the Balkans wore simple clothes similar to those of other Mediterranean peasants. Common soldiers appear only rarely in the background of illustrated sources but these suggest that mail was still widely worn, that bows were a favoured weapon, and that headgear was similar to that worn in Hungary. (Sources: Fall of Constantinople, early i6th C wall-painting, in situ Moldovita Monastery, Moldavia; late 15th—early i6th C wall-painting, in situ Sucevita Monastery, Moldavia.)
Objasnjenja: l: Serbian auxiliary, 14th century
The frescoes of c. 1309-14 on which this figure is based demonstrate that 14th century Serbian equip¬ment, like 14th century Bulgarian, differed little from that of Byzantium, though the Serbs, whilst making some use of the triangular shield by then preferred in the Empire, continued to favour the almond-shaped variety. Their preferred weapon combination appears to have been lance (still often wielded overarm), sword, mace and composite bow. The fact that Serbian armoured cavalry of the 13th and 14th centuries were prepared to fight as horse-archers is confirmed bv Kantakouzenos' military
memoirs and pictures in Serbian manuscripts. Cer¬tainly the Serbs in the Nicaean army at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259 were horse-archers.
2: Bulgarian auxiliary, c. 1345
Pictorial sources demonstrate that the similarity be¬tween Bulgarian and Byzantine equipment persisted until Bulgaria fell to the Ottoman Turks at the end of the 14th century. Bulgarian costume, however, re¬mained distinctly Balkan. The source for this figure is the Manasses Codex made for Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331—65), the illustrations of which indicate that the long gown often concealed light body-armour (Bul¬garian mail or lamellar corselets often reaching only to the waist or hips). All Bulgarian cavalrymen were customarily armed with a composite bow, though their heavy cavalry at least also carried a lance.
3: Serbian knight, 15th century
Under constant pressure from the Ottomans throughout the second half of the 14th century, Serbia began to import a growing volume of its arms from the West, in particular from Venice and Lombardy. By the 15th century better-equipped Serbs had become indistinguishable from their Italian counterparts, except in retaining a shield (probably in response to the Ottomans' dependence on archery). Ironically contingents of Serbian heavy cavalry consequently appeared in most Ottoman field armies during the first half of the 15th century, becoming famous for the effectiveness of their close-order charge . A 1,500-strong Serbian contingent even attended the siege of Constantinople in 1453.
Posto smo oruzje zapadnog porekla uglavnom kupovali u Veneciji i severnoj Italiji. (Postoje sacuvani podaci o tme da je Car Dusan je jednom prilikom kupio 600 kompleta oklopa u Italiji.) okacicu slike italijanskih ratnika toga doba:
O topovima i sabljama za neki dan. NADAM SE DA NISAM SMORIO SA ENGLESKIM I EPSKOM DUZINOM POSTA.
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